Basic Model of the Atom - Atomic Theory

All matter consists of particles called atoms. Atoms bond to each other to form elements, which contain only one kind of atom. Atoms of different elements form compounds, molecules, and objects. Key Takeaways: Model of the Atom An atom is a building block of matter that cannot be broken apart using any chemical means. Nuclear reactions can alter atoms.The three parts of the atom are protons (positively charged), neutrons (neutral charge), and electrons (negatively charged).Protons and neutrons form the atomic nucleus. Electrons are attracted to the protons in the nucleus, but are moving so quickly they fall toward it (orbit) rather than stick to protons.The identity of an atom is determined by its number of protons. This is also called its atomic number. Parts of an Atom Atoms consist of three parts: Protons: Protons are the basis of atoms. While an atom can gain or lose neutrons and electrons, its identity is tied to the number of protons. The symbol for proton number is the capital letter Z.Neutrons: The number of neutrons in an atom is indicated by the letter N. The atomic mass of an atom is the sum of its protons and neutrons or Z N. The strong nuclear force binds protons and neutrons together to form the nucleus of an atom.Electrons: Electrons are much smaller than protons or neutrons and orbit around them. What You Need to Know About Atoms This is a list of the basic characteristics of atoms: Atoms cannot be divided using chemicals. They do consist of parts, which include protons, neutrons, and electrons, but an atom is a basic chemical building block of matter. Nuclear reactions, such as radioactive decay and fission, can break apart atoms.Each electron has a negative electrical charge.Each proton has a positive electrical charge. The charge of a proton and an electron are equal in magnitude, yet opposite in sign. Electrons and protons are electrically attracted to each other.  Like charges (protons and protons, electrons and electrons) repel each other.Each neutron is electrically neutral. In other words, neutrons do not have a charge and are not electrically attracted to either electrons or protons.Protons and neutrons are about the same size as each other and are much larger than electrons. The mass of a proton is essentially the same as that of a neutron. The mass of a proton is 1840 times greater than the mass of an electron.The nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons. The nucleus carries a positive electrical charge.Electrons move around outside the nucleus. Electrons are organized into shells, which is a region where an electron is most likely found. Simple models show electrons orbiting the nuclear in a near-circular orbit, like planets orbiting a star, but real behavior is much more complex. Some electron shells resemble spheres, but others look more like dumb bells or other shapes. Technically, an electron can be found anywhere within the atom, but spends most of its time in the region described by an orbital. Electrons can also move between orbitals.Atoms are very small. The average size of an atom is about 100 picometers or one ten-billionth of a meter.Almost all of the mass of an atom is in its nucleus; almost all of the volume of an atom is occupied by electrons.The number of protons (also known as its atomic number) determines the element. Varying the number of neutrons results in isotopes. Varying the number of electrons results in ions. Isotopes and ions of an atom with a constant number of protons are all variations of a single element.The particles within an atom are bound together by powerful forces. In general, electrons are easier to add or remove from an atom than a proton or neutron. Chemical reactions largely involve atoms or groups of atoms and the interactions between their electrons. Does the atomic theory make sense to you? If so, heres a quiz you can take to test your understanding of the concepts. Sources Dalton, John (1803). On the Absorption of Gases by Water and Other Liquids, in Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester.Thomson, J. J. (August 1901). On bodies smaller than atoms. The Popular Science Monthly. pp. 323–335.Pullman, Bernard (1998). The Atom in the History of Human Thought. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 31–33. ISBN 978-0-19-515040-7.

Relationship Between Poverty and Obesity Essay - 1608 Words

Does low socioeconomic status bear a significant role in the obesity epidemic? A national survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2010) estimated that more than two-thirds of Americans are now overweight or obese (body mass index of over 30), and the percentage is escalating. The Census Bureau (2011) reported 46.2 million people in America are currently living beneath the official poverty line. The official poverty rate in 2010 was 15.1 percent; up from 14.3 percent in 2009; this was the third consecutive annual increase in the poverty rate (Census Bureau, 2011). One might assume that obesity and poverty are not associated, but this is not accurate. The correlation between poverty and obesity can be†¦show more content†¦102). One might impugn that it is not poverty but lack of education that affects the obesity epidemic. It does not require a mathematician to comprehend that choosing a two dollar case of Honey Buns as opposed to a six dollar ba g of apples will equal more food in the refrigerator. Generally, processed foods are more â€Å"energy dense† than garden-fresh foods; they contain less water and fiber but more added fat and sugar, which make them both less satisfying and more calorific (Pollan, 2006). Provisions similar to fruits and vegetables contain high water content that permits individuals to feel satiated rather swiftly. Nutritious meals are more expensive, less tasty, and are more time consuming to prepare, fostering unhealthy eating patterns. On special occasions, parents will treat their children to McDonalds where everything is â€Å"super-sized†. Adults and children can acquire debauched consumption patterns because they don’t comprehend the quantity they have enthusiastically ingested. Pollan (2006) stated that â€Å"Well-designed fast food has a fragrance and flavor all its own, a fragrance and flavor only nominally connected to hamburgers or French fries or for that matter to particular food† (p. 111). Low socioeconomic status individuals have limited access to healthy and affordable foods which sequentially contributes to obesity. One might contend that the government provides assistance (WIC and Food Stamps) toShow MoreRelatedHousehold Income By Federal Poverty Level Essay921 Words   |  4 Pagesby federal poverty level DV: Being overweight or obese Faculty: Dr. Shana Alex Charles Fall Semester 2015 December 17, 2015 2) Interpretation of your results. a) With reference to my midterm research study, I will be using the updated 2011/12 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) for adolescents (ages 12-17). My research question is how is being overweight or obese associated with the household income by federal poverty level? H0: X(obesity) = X(income)Read MoreEducation, Prevention And Control Of Obesity944 Words   |  4 Pagesprograms aimed at education, prevention and control of obesity. Below we will discuss some of the programs initiated by the federal and state government to fight this epidemic. The program Healthy people 2020 - a broad federal program with the goal of improving the health of all Americans. Under Healthy People 2020, several initiatives have been established with the help of other government offices to target different approaches in combating obesity. â€Å"Aim for a Healthy Weight† for example, is an NIHRead MoreChildhood Obesity Essay examples1472 Words   |  6 Pageschildhood obesity was rarely a topic of conversation. A survey done in the early 1970s showed that 6.1% of children between the ages 12 and 19 were overweight. Eight years later the same survey was done and 17.4% were considered overweight (Iannelli). â€Å"Childhood obesity epidemic in America is now a confirmed fact since the number of overweight or obese children has more than tripled during the last 30 years† (Childhood Obesity Epidemic). â€Å"Over the last 20 years, the prevalence of obesity in childrenRead MoreObesity as a Social Issue Essays869 Words   |  4 PagesO besity as a Social Issue Individual problems such as addictions, illnesses and mental depression stalk us throughout our lives, but there is more to addictions, illnesses and mental depression than meets the eye. A good example of this theory is obesity. Obesity in Australia is turning into a problem and as the rates of obesity increase each year, the larger the problem expands. According to sociologist, C. Mills, problems can be divided into either troubles or issues and more often than not, aRead MoreThe Effects Of Obesity On The United States1656 Words   |  7 PagesCompared to other countries, the United States was reported to have the second highest rate of obesity in the world after Mexico. Over the past decade, cases of obesity have triplicated in the U.S., affecting more than one-third (34.9% or 78.6 million) of the adults (Ogden et al. 2014). Given the current trends, it was projected that 42% of the U.S. population will be obese by 2030 (Finkelstein et al. 2012). Aside from its nefarious impact o n the overall quality of life on the affected individualRead MoreObesity : Childhood Hunger And Poverty1146 Words   |  5 PagesObesity Caused by Childhood Hunger and Poverty America is a wealthy nation, yet 10.6% of households with children (4.2 million) suffer from food insecurity [1]. Low-income households are also much more likely than others to suffer from childhood hunger, caused by a recurrent or involuntary lack of food. The USDA defines food insecurity as â€Å"limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways†Read MoreObesity in America Essay1472 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will discuss obesity in America and the statistical data found surrounding the subject. This is an interesting and personal topic and something very interesting to learn about. The essay will cover different vantage points of obesity including obesity’s relationship to poverty in the U.S., parents’ fight for more physical activity in schools to combat childhood obesity, statistical data about America’s obese population and even a spurious correlation between obesity and sleep duration inRead MoreHealth Promotion For Combating Obesity973 Words   |  4 PagesChildhood obesity prevalence rates have been steadily increasing in the United States and in 2010; it was identified in more than 42 million pre-schoolers (WHO, 2013). Obesity has various medical risks that are related to obesity in children including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, sleep apnoea, asthma, dyslipidaemia, metabolic syndrome, orthopaedic complications, and a reduced life expectancy. Health promotion to combat childhood obesity is therefore needed to prevent childhood obesity andRead MoreThe Problem Of Childhood Obesity1261 Words   |  6 PagesZinczenko explains that growing up â€Å"lunch and dinner†¦was a daily choice between McDonald’s, Taco Bell, Kentucky Fried Chicken, or Pizza Hut† (241). The author indicates that these are still the only available options for children to get an affordable meal. Zinczenk e xplains that fast food has not changed. It is still cheap and not nutritious. The author goes on to demonstrate that it was fast food that led him to childhood obesity. In his article, Zinczenk states that â€Å"according to the National InstitutesRead MoreThe Health Problem Of Obesity Essay1027 Words   |  5 PagesObesity is perhaps the most concerning health problem our nation faces today. With national obesity rates nearing 38% for adults, we are eating ourselves into an early grave, and we are doing it in massive numbers. (State of Obesity). 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You Suck A Love Story Chapter 9~10 Free Essays

Chapter Nine It’s Like Time Travel, Only You know, Slower†¦ THE CHRONICLES OF ABBY NORMAL: Tortured Victim of the Daylight Dwellers So here I am again, to open my veins and spill my pain onto your pages. My dark friend, after sixteen years of totally boring existence, I come to you at last with a glimmer of hope to break through the gloomth that is my miserable life. OMG! I have found him! Or I should say, he has found me. We will write a custom essay sample on You Suck: A Love Story Chapter 9~10 or any similar topic only for you Order Now That’s right, my Dark Lord has found me. A for-real vampyre. He is called the vampyre Flood, and he didn’t say, but I think he is descended from European royalty – a viscount or a discount or one of those. I was in Walgreens with Jared when we saw him – and OMFG he’s so hot, in a totally stealth way. I would have thought he was just a totally mainstream geek or something, with his flannel shirt and jeans, but he asked us about buying syringes and I totally saw his fangs come out. So, I was like, â€Å"I can hook you up with my dealer,† like that, and then he looked at my T-shirt and saw Byron’s picture on it and he quoted â€Å"She Walks in Beauty,† which is like my favorite poem next to the one by Baudelaire about his girlfriend being nothing but worm food, except that Lily called that one first because Baudelaire is her fave poet and so she got the shirt with him on it, even though Byron is way more scrumptious and I would do him on sharp gravel if I had the chance. So I went home and changed my clothes and fixed my makeup, and when we got to Glas Kat we breezed by the door like we were twenty-five or something. Jared made our IDs himself at Kinkos and we both look so mature in our pictures, although I think he overdid it with the mustache. Anyway, we were there like ten minutes, and this song came on that I really like – â€Å"Boning You in the Ossuary,† by Dead Can Dub – which is so cool and macabre. And I tried to get Jared to dance, but this guy comes by and grabs Jared’s cape and says, â€Å"Blacks fade much?† and that was it. Jared went into a level-five freak-out, and turned into a total fuckwit, trying to get me to hide him and stuff, and then just saying he couldn’t take it anymore and he had to go home and redye right then. So he abandoned me to the dank loneliness that is the night and I bought a bottle of water and some chips and got ready to grieve my lost youth, when HE showed up. OMG! Check it, he actually knew Byron and Shelley! He used to party with them in Switzerland when they were all young. They all did laudanum and read ghost stories and stuff, and then they actually invented Goth, right there in this villa on some lake. He is like THE SOURCE! He took me for coffee and I wanted to give myself to him right there in Starbucks. Lily will be totally jealous. So he said I have to wait. He is connected to some ancient Celtic vampire countess and I’m supposed to find them an apartment in the morning. He even gave me the name of a rental agent to call and a big wad of cash. I have to prove myself worthy of his trust, otherwise there’s like no way he’ll bestow the dark gift on me, and I’ll totally have to finish my sophomore year and probably end up in junior college or working at Old Navy or something. So, since we’re off for Christmas break, I’m going to call this woman and go find an apartment for the vampyre Flood and the Celtic vampyre countess. And when Flood rises from the grave at sunset, I will get my reward. I’m totally freaked about meeting the Celtic vampyre countess. Flood says she has a temper. What if she hates me? Flood says he’s not really into her – it’s not like that. It’s like, she’s his vampyre sire, and they’ve been together for like five hundred years, so, you know, they have history, and I can respect that. Note: Make sure to find out if I need to move their native soil to the new apartment before we move their coffins. Note: Do I need to have a coffin made? Is it okay if it’s purple? Oh yeah, my sister Ronnie has head lice. Chapter Ten Red, White, and Blue, Not Necessarily in That Order Snow White, thought Blue. With the seven to look after me, and me them, I could be just like Snow White. Granted, the Animals weren’t exactly dwarves, Jeff Murray, the ex-high-school-basketball star was at least six five, and Drew, their resident pharmacologist, was pretty close to that height, but she wasn’t exactly Snow White either. Still, they were all kind to her, considerate, and basically respectful of her, within their limits as a bunch of pot-head punani hounds. They did seem to have a decent work ethic, were loyal, didn’t fight among themselves, and were relatively clean, as guys this age went. In a few days, she’d have the rest of their money, she knew it, and they knew it, but then what? It was a ton of money, to be sure, but it wasn’t fuck-you money. (Defined as having so much money that you can say â€Å"fuck you† to anyone, anywhere, anytime, and not have to worry about the consequences.) She’d have to find something to do, somewhere to go. As the possibility of her getting out of the life finally loomed large, she realized that she was going to need a new life to live, and frankly, it was scaring the hell out of her. Time isn’t kind to a girl living on her looks, and she’d already extended her sell-by date by going blue, but what now? Who knew that the future she’d been hoping for would show up with such sharp teeth. So Blue asked herself the question†¦ Can a fallen Cheddar princess of Fond Du Lac make a life with seven perpetually adolescent party animals from the Bay Area? Maybe it could happen, but she had her misgivings about dwarf number seven: Clint. In her experience, it took a lot of work to fuck the Jesus out of a guy, and even then, he was prone to come down with a bad case of the guilts a day or two later. Not really a problem when you were working outcall, but if you were going to high-ho a whole pack of dwarves on a semipermanent basis, one of them having a high-maintenance, holy-ghost haunting was going to be a problem. â€Å"Whore of Babylon,† Clint said as the Animals led her into the Safeway like they were presenting her at the palace. She paused in the automatic doors, despite the fact that she felt like she was turning blue under her blue, dressed as she was in a silver lam minidress and six-inch clear Lucite heels, none of it protecting her from the frigid wind coming off the Bay, whipping through the Marina Safeway parking lot. Thinking she’d probably spend most of her time naked, she hadn’t packed for San Francisco weather. â€Å"I’ve never even been to Babylon,† she said. â€Å"But I’m open to new experiences.† She licked her lips and stepped to where her breasts were within an inch of Clint’s chest. He turned and bolted to the office, chanting, â€Å"Get thee behind me, get thee behind me, get thee behind me,† the whole way. â€Å"However you want it, baby,† said Blue. She decided she’d think of him as Freaked, the paranoid dwarf. â€Å"Barry will show you to the break room,† Lash said. He’d become the new leader of the Animals, mainly because he tended to be the most sober. â€Å"Jeff, send the limo back and lock the doors. Drew, make some coffee. Gustavo, see what the situation is on the floors. We may need you to throw stock on the shelves.† They stood there, looking at him. Stoned. Drunk. Baffled. Blue would think of Barry, the little, prematurely bald guy, as her special dwarf, Baffled. She smiled. Clint peeked over the three-quarter wall of the office. â€Å"Hey, you guys. You should know that the Emperor was here last night. He says that Tommy Flood is a vampire.† â€Å"Huh?† Lash said. â€Å"He’s a vampire. That girl of his, she didn’t leave town. She changed him.† â€Å"Get the fuck outta here,† said Jeff. Clint nodded furiously. â€Å"It’s true.† â€Å"Well, fuck,† said the others, in an unsynchronized chorus. â€Å"Meeting,† Lash announced. â€Å"Gentlemen, take your seats.† He looked apologetically to Blue. â€Å"This shouldn’t take long.† â€Å"I’ll make coffee,† she said. â€Å"Uh†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Lash seemed concerned. â€Å"Blue, we’re kind of on a budget from here on out.† â€Å"Coffee’s free,† Blue said. She turned and started heading to the back of the store. â€Å"I’ll find it.† The Animals watched Blue walk away and, when she turned the corner, gathered by the registers. Clint unlocked the office door and came out. â€Å"So, we have to notify those cops, so they can help us hunt him down.† Lash looked at the Animals, who looked back. Lash raised an eyebrow. The others nodded. Lash put his arm around Clint’s shoulders. â€Å"Clint, the guys and I have discussed it, and we’d all like to do something for you.† Clint ran back in the office and slammed the door. â€Å"No! We have to destroy the agents of Satan.† â€Å"Right. Of course. We’ll get right on that. But first I’d like you to ask yourself something, Clint. And I’d like you to answer not as the born-again man that you are now, but from that little boy that’s inside of all of us.† â€Å"Okay,† Clint said, peeking over the office door. â€Å"Clint, haven’t you ever wanted to bone a Smurf?† Jody heard Tommy come in the security door downstairs and met him on the stairs with a big hug and a backbreaking kiss. â€Å"Wow,† Tommy said. â€Å"Are you okay?† â€Å"I’m really good now. I was just checking on William. I think he pooped himself.† â€Å"I’m so sorry, Tommy. I shouldn’t have left you on your own this soon.† â€Å"It’s okay. I’m okay. Hey, you have something on your dress.† Jody was still wearing the little black dress. Some of the dust that was James O’Mally was still clinging to it near the hemline. â€Å"Oh, I must have bumped up against something.† â€Å"Let me get that for you,† Tommy said, brushing at her thigh, then starting to raise the dress up past her waist. Jody caught his hand. â€Å"Horndog!† Chet the huge shaved cat looked up for a second, then put his head back down on William’s chest and went back to sleep. â€Å"But you left me on my own,† Tommy said, trying to sound sad, but smiling too much to make it work. â€Å"You’re fine.† She looked at her watch. â€Å"We only have about forty minutes till sunup. We can talk while we get ready for bed.† â€Å"I’m ready for bed now,† Tommy said. She led him up the stairs into the loft, through the great room, the bedroom, and into the bathroom. She grabbed her toothbrush off the sink and tossed Tommy his. She pasted, then chucked the tube to him. â€Å"Do we still have to floss?† Tommy asked. â€Å"I mean, what’s the point of being immortal if we have to floss?† â€Å"Yeah,† Jody said, through a mouthful of pinkish foam, â€Å"you should just go lie in the sun and get it over with, rather than suffer the torture of flossing.† â€Å"Don’t be sarcastic. I didn’t think we could get sick at all, but your hangover proved that to be wrong.† Jody nodded and spit. â€Å"Don’t swallow any when you rinse. The water will come right back up.† â€Å"How come your foam is pink? My foam isn’t pink. And I went last.† â€Å"My gums might be bleeding,† Jody said. Jody wasn’t ready to tell him that she’d taken someone tonight. She would tell him, just not now. So, to change the subject, she summoned her superhuman strength and pantsed him. â€Å"Hey!† â€Å"When did you get skull-and-crossbones boxers?† â€Å"I bought them tonight, when you were getting Christmas presents. I thought they would seem dangerous.† â€Å"You bet,† Jody said, nodding furiously to keep from laughing. â€Å"And you’ll blend in – in case you’re ever caught with your pants down in the pirate locker room.† â€Å"Yeah, there’s that,† Tommy said, a little toothpaste foam dribbling down his chest as he looked at his boxers. â€Å"I have the whitest legs in the universe. My legs are like great white carrion worms.† â€Å"Stop, you’re making me horny.† â€Å"I’ve got to use that tanning lotion we bought. Where is it?† Jody moved with catlike speed out to the kitchen, snatched the lotion off the counter, and was back sitting on the edge of the bed in only a couple of seconds. If she could just keep Tommy from asking any questions until sunup, she was sure she’d figure out a way to tell him about the old man. â€Å"Come over here, worm legs, let me put some lotion on you.† To emphasize her commitment to lotionization, she stood, pulled the straps of her dress off her shoulders, and let it fall to the floor at her feet. She stepped out of her dress and stood there, in just her pumps and a silver necklace with a tiny heart that he had given her. Tommy hopped out of the bathroom – his pants still around his ankles – one long hop, and he stood in front of her. Jody smiled. Give a geek supernatural agility and speed, and what you get is a superagile, speedy geek. â€Å"You went out commando, in that dress?† â€Å"Never again,† Jody said, grabbing the waistband of his boxers and pulling him toward her. â€Å"These are mine, now. I want to be dangerous.† â€Å"That’s so, so slutty,† he said, lisping a little, his fangs coming out now. â€Å"Yep. Where do you want to start with the lotion?† He pulled her close and kissed her neck. â€Å"We have to be careful not to break the furniture this time.† â€Å"Fuck it, less to move,† she said, her own fangs coming out now. She raked them down his chest. â€Å"If we figure out a way to get a place before someone kills us.† â€Å"Oh, yeah, I found us a minion,† he said as she bit into his side and tore his boxers off in a single swift pull. â€Å"What?† But Tommy was finished talking for a while. Blue watched as the Butterball rocketed by her and slammed into a triangle of two-liter soft-drink bottles – the front bottle burst, sending a cola-brown eruption of foam across the floor by the meat case. â€Å"Strike!† Barry shouted. He danced in a tight circle among the Animals, pointing and chanting, â€Å"I own you, and you, and you,† to each as he passed. Blue looked to Lash, and raised a cobalt eyebrow. Lash shrugged. â€Å"It happens. That’s why we use diet soda. It’s not as sticky.† He had decided that they all needed to sober up some more before they started stocking the shelves; thus the turkey bowling. â€Å"Can someone bring a mop?† Clint said. Because he would not gamble, he was the designated pin setter. He was scrambling around trying to retrieve soda bottles even as Jeff Murray was warming up at the other end of the aisle, swinging a Foster’s Fresh Frozen Homestyle in each hand. He believed that he got better pin action off the Foster’s because of the savory gravy packet stuffed in its center. He claimed that Foster’s had mastered superior poultry technology, and was, in fact, working on an oversized titanium turkey. The other Animals were forced to point out to him that he was completely full of shit as they sprayed root beer on him. â€Å"So you guys hunted vampires?† Blue asked Lash. She had come back to the front with coffee for everyone just in time to hear Lash lay out the scenario for the Animals. She’d held off asking any questions until now. A Fresh Frozen meat missile zipped down the aisle between them. Lash didn’t even blink. â€Å"Yep. We didn’t kill him. We just blew up his yacht and took his art. That’s where we got the money.† â€Å"Yeah, right,† said Blue. â€Å"I got that part. It’s the vampire part I’m not clear on. Like a real vampire. A real, blood-drinking, can’t-go-out-in-the-day, live-forever vampire.† â€Å"We figured he had to be at least six hundred years old,† Troy Lee added, joining in the conversation. â€Å"Blue, you wanna skid the buzzard?† He nodded to the end of the aisle, where Jeff was offering his spare Fresh Frozen turkey like a sacrifice. â€Å"So you guys, who work in a grocery store, have seen a vampire?† â€Å"Two of them,† Lash said. â€Å"Our night-crew leader, Tommy, was living with one of them.† â€Å"She was hot,† Troy Lee added. â€Å"Vampire hunters?† Blue couldn’t believe it. â€Å"Well, not anymore,† Lash said. â€Å"Yeah,† Troy Lee said. â€Å"Clint says that Tommy’s a vampire now. We’re not going to mess with him.† â€Å"Spawn of Satan!† Clint shouted from the end of the aisle. Drew, who Blue had decided to think of as Doc, because he always carried the pot, ran down the aisle and shot-putted a twelve-pound self-basting at Clint’s head. â€Å"Shut the fuck up!† Clint ducked and covered. The turkey went over the meat counter and stuck in the drywall by the window at the back of the meat department. To Blue, Drew said, â€Å"Sorry, couldn’t be helped.† â€Å"Well, that’s gonna take all night to patch,† said Clint. Lash looked at Troy Lee. â€Å"Could you kill him?† â€Å"On it,† Troy Lee said, falling into a fighting stance, before taking off and chasing Clint around the corner. â€Å"Prepare to die, White Devil!† â€Å"So,† said Blue. â€Å"You were saying?† â€Å"Well, Clint says Tommy is a vampire now, and we should go stake him out or something, but he’s one of us, so we’ve decided to pursue a policy of Buddhist tolerance.† Just then Troy Lee dragged Clint back around the corner in a headlock. Despite being six inches shorter and forty pounds lighter than Clint, he’d studied martial arts since he was six and that took size out of the equation. â€Å"Should I hypnotize the chicken?† Troy asked. â€Å"Make it so,† said Lash. Troy Lee adjusted his chokehold on Clint. The larger man’s eyes bugged out, his mouth moved like a gasping fish out of water, and he went limp in Troy’s arms, who then dropped him in the puddle of diet soda on the floor. â€Å"He’ll come around in a second or two.† Lash leaned into Blue to explain. â€Å"We used to call it choke the chicken, but that sounded kind of gayish.† â€Å"Of course,† said Blue. That trick would come in handy in her work. She’d have to ask Troy Lee to teach it to her. â€Å"And you think that your friend and this girl are really vampires.† â€Å"I suppose. Clint said he heard it from the Emperor, and he was the one that turned us on to the old vampire guy in the first place. Either way, they’re not our problem.† â€Å"What if I said they were?† Blue said. Her mind was putting it together like a sewing machine on crack. It was insane, but for once she could see a future stretching out before her, welcoming her. â€Å"What if I said I wanted you to go after them?† Lash blinked at her like she was speaking Klingon. â€Å"Huh?† He looked at the other Animals, who had stopped bowling and moved into range of the conversation. They stood there with frosty gobblers steaming in their hands like they were on wet-nurse duty for a group of headless infant snowmen. â€Å"Flood is our friend,† Lash said. â€Å"I don’t want you to kill him,† Blue said. â€Å"Just catch him.† Lash looked to the others, who looked away – at the floor, at the cabbage and lettuce counter, at the turnips, at their frozen charges. â€Å"I’ll make it worth your while,† Blue said. Jody lay on the bed watching Tommy turn slowly, back and forth in the air like a pale white-boy mobile. The loft had twenty-foot ceilings with open, industrial-style beams, and sometime during their lovemaking, they had both ended up hanging from them. Jody dropped to the bed after she came, but Tommy still hung by one hand. The bright side was that with the exception of the set of shredded sheets upon which she lay, they had kept the destruction to a minimum. The downside – well, she really could have gone a couple of lifetimes without seeing him from this angle. â€Å"We did good,† Jody said. â€Å"Hardly anything broken.† â€Å"You think that monkeys really do it that way?† Tommy replied. â€Å"I always thought you were just using that as an expression.† She’d thought she could remain detached enough about their lovemaking to stay in control – to enjoy it, but to use it, as it were – but since Tommy had changed, it wasn’t like that anymore. She lost herself in it, she didn’t just make love with him, she fucked him like a crazed monkey girl. It was good, but disconcerting. She had liked being in control. â€Å"You look amazing from this angle,† Tommy said. â€Å"You look like a man-shaped fluorescent lightbulb,† Jody said, grinning at him, then noticing a change. â€Å"Do not get wood, Thomas Flood. You will not get wood, do you hear me?† â€Å"You sound like my mom,† Tommy said. â€Å"Ewwwww,† Jody said, shuddering and covering her eyes. â€Å"Ewwwww,† Tommy said, realizing what he had just said and about what and whom. He dropped to the bed and bounced. â€Å"Sorry. Quick, put the self-tanning lotion on me, we only have a few minutes before sunup.† â€Å"Okay, but just the lotion.† â€Å"Right, go.† Jody took the lotion and squirted some on her hands. â€Å"Turn around, I’ll get your back.† â€Å"But – â€Å" â€Å"Just point that thing the other way, writer boy, you have had all the monkey love you’re going to get tonight.† She said it, but she didn’t mean it – she’d go another round if he wanted, if they had time before sunrise. Then she remembered. â€Å"Did you say you found us a minion?† â€Å"Yeah, I did. She’s going to start tomorrow – er, today. I gave her money to get us an apartment. Told her what we needed.† â€Å"Her?† â€Å"Yeah, you remember that girl we saw in the drugstore?† Jody stopped rubbing, grabbed his shoulders, and spun him around. â€Å"You gave our deposit money to a nine-year-old?† â€Å"She’s not nine. She’s sixteen.† â€Å"Still, Tommy. You trusted our secret to a sixteen-year-old girl?† â€Å"She already knew.† â€Å"Yes, because you let your fangs show like some doofus of the night. You could have explained that somehow, or better yet, never seen her again.† â€Å"Look, she’s smart, and she’ll be loyal. I promise.† â€Å"You could have just gotten us killed.† â€Å"What would you have done? Huh? You have to trust someone.† â€Å"But a sixteen-year-old kid?† â€Å"I’m only nineteen, and I was a great minion. Besides, she thinks I’m her dark lord.† â€Å"Did you even tell her about me?† â€Å"Of course, she knows all about you. Knows that you’re my sire – that’s what they call the vampire who made you. I even told her that you were older, that you had vast experience.† â€Å"Vast? Vast experience sounds like I’m a slutty old divorcee. How old does she think I am?† â€Å"Five hundred.† â€Å"What?† â€Å"But you look great for five hundred. I mean, look, you got my attention. Do my front.† â€Å"Do your own front.† She threw the lotion bottle at him and he snatched it out of the air. â€Å"Love you,† Tommy said, slathering self-tanning goo all over his face and chest. â€Å"I’m going to lock the bedroom door,† Jody said as the alarm on their watches started beeping, signaling ten minutes before sunrise. She’d gotten the alarm watches for both of them, just in case. â€Å"You didn’t give her keys, did you?† â€Å"Not to the bedroom.† â€Å"Great. What if she finds William in the stairwell and stakes him out? You could have given our key to a Buffy wannabe – â€Å" â€Å"This stuff is supposed to take like eight hours to work, so by sundown I’ll be sexy bronze.† â€Å"There’s a bronze vampire in the living room. Why don’t you go ask him how that’s working out for him?† â€Å"He’s impersonal bronze, not sexy bronze like I’ll be.† â€Å"Come to bed. And put on a T-shirt. I don’t want a sexy bronze stain on the sheets, even if they are torn up.† Tommy sniff-tested a half-dozen shirts, finally decided on one, climbed into bed, and was kissing Jody good morning when the sunrise put them out. How to cite You Suck: A Love Story Chapter 9~10, Essay examples

elevant sections of the play Essay Example For Students

?elevant sections of the play Essay Choose two characters from the play. With careful analysis of relevant sections of the play, show how Priestly wants us to react to them in different ways, and give reasons for these differences.  An Inspector Calls was written in 1945 by JB Priestly. In this play Priestly portrays his views through his characters about socialists and capitalists. Two characters in the play that differ from one another are Sheila and Mr. Birling. I have chosen to write about these two as they are from different generations therefore their views and opinions will differ. They both react and respond differently to the inspector and they are affected in different ways. In the opening scene of An Inspector Calls, Priestly builds our understanding of the two characters through many techniques. Firstly, our understanding of the characters is through the stage directions. At the dining table, Mr. Birling is seated at the head of the table Arthur Birling at one end. This illustrates his importance to the family and shows that he is the head of the house. Sheila is however, sitting on the side of the table. This shows that her status isnt as high as Mr. Birling. It may also show that Mr. Birling has control over what she does. In the beginning of the play, Mr. Birling is portrayed to us as being a proud and overconfident man. You can tell that he is someone who is always concerned about his work. His speech shows us that hes a workaholic. Steadily increasing prosperity, this shows that although its his daughters engagement he is still willing to talk about his work. Mr. Birling is also fairly talkative. This is shown as he has two lengthy monologues which show that hes a talkative person. Mr. Birling is also shown to the audience as being a formal speaker. You can tell this form the way he talks. I am going to tell you frankly. the way in which Priestly chooses the language, tells us that he is a formal speaker. The way in which he speaks to Sheila also shows that he is an authoritarian. This is backed up by the line are you listening Sheila? This concerns you too. This shows that he can tell her when to listen to the things he has to say. Early on in the play, Sheila is depicted as a pleasant young lady, who I about to get married. This opinion that is shown to us is changed as we go further into the play. We see that after the inspector has interviewed her; the truth is let out, making the audience see her in a whole new light. Also Sheila appears to be a very self conscious girl. This is revealed when she tries on different dresses. We can see that she is someone who feels very jealous towards people who are much prettier than her. This is clear as when she met Eva Smith, she is jealous that Eva is much prettier than she is. Her jealously then leads her to take the actions of firing her from her job. Coupled with the jealousy, the idea of her thinking she is better than others also is the consequent of her getting Eva sacked. The idea of her being able to get Eva Smith sacked shows that she does however, have a say in what goes on in the family businesses. She is also quite curious as she questions the rest of her family as to why the inspector is there. Priestly influences the audiences thoughts about the characters in the play. When the inspector comes, a lot of information is brought up and the truth is revealed. From this, we find out how badly Eva Smith was treated in the shop. This makes us change our views on the way in which we look at Sheila as she goes form being a polite young woman to someone whos very jealous. The thoughts about Sheila change again, when we find out that she is party responsible for Eva Smiths death. .u77be12aa4ada901825f3c5dbf413f6b7 , .u77be12aa4ada901825f3c5dbf413f6b7 .postImageUrl , .u77be12aa4ada901825f3c5dbf413f6b7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u77be12aa4ada901825f3c5dbf413f6b7 , .u77be12aa4ada901825f3c5dbf413f6b7:hover , .u77be12aa4ada901825f3c5dbf413f6b7:visited , .u77be12aa4ada901825f3c5dbf413f6b7:active { border:0!important; } .u77be12aa4ada901825f3c5dbf413f6b7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u77be12aa4ada901825f3c5dbf413f6b7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u77be12aa4ada901825f3c5dbf413f6b7:active , .u77be12aa4ada901825f3c5dbf413f6b7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u77be12aa4ada901825f3c5dbf413f6b7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u77be12aa4ada901825f3c5dbf413f6b7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u77be12aa4ada901825f3c5dbf413f6b7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u77be12aa4ada901825f3c5dbf413f6b7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u77be12aa4ada901825f3c5dbf413f6b7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u77be12aa4ada901825f3c5dbf413f6b7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u77be12aa4ada901825f3c5dbf413f6b7 .u77be12aa4ada901825f3c5dbf413f6b7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u77be12aa4ada901825f3c5dbf413f6b7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: All Thing Fall Apart EssayShe says, So Im really responsible? This is followed y the line, No, not really. It was my own fault. As the character is saying that she is responsible herself, this is a technique uses to manipulate the audiences thoughts as they would now start to agree with Sheila. Our views are also changed on her as Priestly has carefully chosen what he wants Sheila to say. He gives her lines which will get the audience thinking and make them feel sorry for her, removing the guilt of her shoulders. This is shown in her lines saying It cant be any worse for me than it has been. And it might be better. On the other hand, priestly wants us to react differently to the way in which Mr. Birling reacts. Mr. Birling is very offensive and doesnt agree with the inspector. He tries to show that he is right and had no part in the death of Eva Smith. Mr. Birling also makes the audience feel that he has nothing to do with it. The audience feel like this through Mr. Birlings dialogue. He says, I cant accept any involvement. this shows that he denies any involvement in Eva. Evidence is also shown, yet he keeps denying it and refuses to agree, whether its the truth or not. He is also described through his dialogue of the play that he is greedy. This is shown when Eva asks him for money. However, he refuses and sacks her as he thinks that she shouldnt have even had the cheek to ask him. To then remove the guilt of the death of Eva Smith he then says I only did what any other employer would have done. The two characters react to the inspector in different ways. Sheila is very supportive towards the inspector and tells him everything. This in a way allows the maturity to shine through Sheila as she is able to let her inappropriate actions towards Eva without hesitation. This also creates irony as; Mr. Birling refuses to agree he had any part to do with her death, showing childishness. Sheila also is known to be ashamed of not only herself, but her family, as she believes they all had a part in the death of Eva. All of the family members led her to her death. She also feels slightly annoyed at the family. In contrast to this, Mr. Birling is very disappointed and angry that the inspector would come and blame the death of a girl on his family. The different characters are chosen as they are used to enable Priestley to convey his messages successfully and what aspects of society they embody. At the beginning of the play, Sheila is somebody who has views, where she thinks that she is better off than everyone else just because of her dads wealthy business, giving her a higher status than any of the other young women. This is changed when Sheila then shares the same thoughts as Priestley. Priestley uses this character in the play to let his own thoughts can be revealed to the audience. She believes that everyone is part of the same community, therefore everyone should work together. She doesnt believe that anyone should have a higher status than anyone else; she feels that everyone deserves equal rights. In comparison, Mr. Birling is the epitome of capitalism. He believes that there shouldnt be equality as some people are much better than others. He seems to care a lot about his status and believes he should get more money for what he does. He also feels that he deserves more than others. At the end of the play, the characters find out about the inspector coming to them has all been a hoax. The two characters I have chosen; react to this different ways. Sheila has learnt form what has happened and decides shes going to change. She says, Everything we said happened had really happened. If it didnt end tragically, then thats lucky for us. But it might have done. She feels relieved but at the same time she feels guilty as what she did to the girl, could have killed her. To make her maturity stand out, Priestley makes Mr. Birlings character very contradictory to Sheilas.  In conclusion, Priestley uses many techniques to change our minds about the different characters.

Physics AT1-Resistance of a wire Essay Example

Physics AT1-Resistance of a wire Essay The electric current in a solid is a movement of tiny negative charged electrons. As these electrons move they collide with the particles of the solid which makes the electrons movement difficult. Resistance is a measure of how difficult it is for the electrons to move. A high resistance means that the electrons will make lots of collisions and lose lots of energy. The circuit itself can resist the flow of particles if the wires are either very thin or very long. e.g.The filament across an electric bulb is quite thin as needs to resist the flow of particles for the bulb to glow. Resistance is measured in ohms. The higher the resistance, the lower the current. If there is high resistance, to get the same current a higher voltage will be needed to provide an extra push for the electricity. Some metals have less resistance than others. Wires are always made out of copper because copper has a low resistance and therefore it is a good conductor. The length and width of a wire also has an effect.Ohms Law: The current is proportional to the voltage, provided the temperature remains constant.FactorsThe resistance of a wire depends on certain factors. Some of these variables are listed below:à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Length of wireà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Diameter or thickness of wireà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Temperature at which wire is keptà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The material of which the wire is made out ofà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The potential difference or voltageà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Humidityà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Cross sectional areaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Voltage across circuitI will be investigating the diameter of a wire and how it effects the resistance. All the other factors will have to be kept constant whilst doing the experiment to ensure that the investigation is a fair test. I have decided to investigate how the diameter of a wire affects its resistance because other factors such as temperature are harder to control and get a good set of results. The way in which the diameter of a wire affects the resistance is an efficient experiment to do b ecause:* A graph can be plotted easily* There is a large range of results* The results can be recorded easilyIn order for the investigation to be a fair test, all other factors should be kept constant. The investigation has to be done in a fair way otherwise the results will be inaccurate and the conclusion will be incorrect. The variables that must be kept constant are:1) Temperature When the temperature of a wire increases the resistance of that wire increases. This is because when the temperature increases the atoms inside the wire vibrate more vigorously because of the increase in energy. This means that the electrons have more difficulty getting through the wire as they collide with the other in their pathway. This increases the amount of collisions therefore there is more resistance. To make sure the temperature does not effect my result too much it is essential I use a low voltage because it means a low current, which wont heat up the wires. If a high voltage is used the ener gy would be in form of heat which would make the experiment unfair. The investigation will be done at room temperature. The temperature cannot be investigated because it is hard to control the range of temperature needed without the correct apparatus.2) Length of wire The longer a wire, the larger the resistance. This is because there are more atoms in the wire so there is more chance that the electrons would collide with one of the atoms therefore there is more resistance. In a long wire electrons have a longer distance to travel so there are more collisions so this will change the resistance up and in a short wire electrons have a short distance to travel so they collide less and therefore there is a lower resistance. This is because when you have a long wire, the electrons have to squeeze together for longer to be able to pass through the wire than they do in order to be able to pass through a short wire. It is important to keep the length of the wire the same each time otherwise it could not be certain which variable is changing the resistance. If I had a 30 cm wire and a 60 cm wire, the 60 cm wire would have a resistance twice that of the 30 cm wire.3) Type of material Different materials have different resistances because the materials atomic structures are different so some wires have low resistances and some have high resistances. Therefore it is important to keep the material the same throughout the experiment. If different materials are used throughout the investigation, it will affect the results. For example if sometimes copper is used and sometimes nichrome is used, the results where copper is used will be of a low resistance because of the material and not because of the diameter of the wire. Throughout the experiment nichrome wires will be used. The type of material will affect the amount of free electrons that are able to flow through the wire. If the particles in the material are tightly packed together, the electrons will have more collisions and therefore more resistance.All these factors must be kept constant to make the investigation fair. All the other factors must also be kept constant as well. The same apparatus must be used throughout the investigation. It is also important to take two repeats and find the mean so if one result is very inaccurate, the other will average it out.QuestionWhat effect does the diameter of a wire have on the resistance through it?PredictionMy hypothesis is that the thinner the wire, the higher the resistance. The thicker the wire, the lower the resistance. This is because the thinner the wire is, the less paths there are for electrons in the wire therefore the harder it is for current to flow. This results in the energy not being able to spread out as much, so the resistance will be higher. This theory is similar to that of a door, where people represent the electrons and the door represents the diameter of the wire. If the door is wider, more people can get through, more easily. If th e door is small, people have more difficulty and not as many people can walk in or out of the door. It is the same principal for electrons. If the diameter of a wire is thicker more electrons can go through the wire, therefore less resistance. The atoms from the metals cannot stop or collide with as many electrons because the diameter of the wire is larger.This diagram shows the negatively charged electrons travelling through a wire colliding with the wire particles. The more these electrons collide the more resistance there is. In a thick wire there is more space in between the wire particles and the electrons will collide less. In a thin wire there is less space between the particles and so the electrons will collide more. This is why I believe that the thinner the wire, the higher the resistance and the thicker the wire, the lower the resistance.PlanTo prove the prediction above I plan to do as follows. I am going to test the resistance through different diameters of wires. To do this I will need a voltmeter, ammeter, power pack and some different wire diameters. I plan to test five wires all with different diameters. I plan to set up my circuit as shown below:Where the wire is position I will have a pair of crocodile clips to hold it in place. I plan to use 70cm of each nichrome wire and I plan to coil each wire. To help keep my results accurate I plan to only use a low current when testing; this will keep the temperature of the wire down. For each wire I plan to take one reading from the voltmeter at a constant current of 0.5 A. I then plan to repeat the reading of each wire three times and take the average result . I shall then be able to calculate the resistance of the wire using the equation resistance = volts/amps and represent this data in the form of a graph.Fair TestI have already mentioned which factor I am investigating and which factors I will keep constant (see pages 1 and 2). I will do the following things to make the experiment a fair test:* Use the same material for each wire* Use the same length of each wire* Take readings using a low current (keeps temp. down)* Use same equipment for each testSafety PrecautionsI will take the following precautions and make sure others are safe as well:* I will wear safety glasses* I will make sure there are no bag or obstacles on the floor causing a hazard* I will be careful with the electricity present* I will not run around* I will not touch live wiresMethodApparatus* Voltmeter* Ammeter* 2 Crocodile clips* 5 nichrome wires (0.28mm, 0.31mm, 0.40mm, 0.45mm, 0.50mm)* Power Supply Pack* Circuit wiresI first set up the apparatus as shown below:Then for each diameter of wire I followed the following steps:1. I measured 70cm of the wire and coiled it around a pen2. I placed the coiled wire in the circuit attaching it with the crocodile clips3. I took a reading of the voltage through the wire at one certain point, which was 0.14. I presented the readings for the wire in a table of voltage against current (V against A) and calculated the resistance which is voltage divided by the current (constant at 0.5 A)5. I repeated the readings (using the same equipment) for the same diameter of wire three times to make sure they were accurate6. From the results I took an average for resistance7. I then repeated the process for the other four wiresResultsFrom the following results I will produce graphs to show what was found out more clearly.Set 1Wire Diameter (mm)Current (A)Voltage (V)Resistance (Ohms)0.280.55.711.40.310.54.28.40.400.53.16.20.450.52.040.500.51.42.8Set 2Wire Diameter (mm)Current (A)Voltage (V)Resistance (Ohms)0.280.55.811.60.310.54.38.60.400.53.46.80.450.52.550.500.51.32.6Set 3Wire Diameter (mm)Current (A)Voltage (V)Resistance (Ohms)0.280.55.611.20.310.54.28.40.400.53.36.60.450.52.34.60.500.51.32.6Average SetWire Diameter (mm)Average Resistance (Ohms)0.2811.40.318.40.406.50.454.50.502.6ConclusionThe results shown on my tables and my graph clearly show that the th inner a wire the greater the resistance of that wire .From my tables you can see that I got three sets of results. My repeated results all (to a reasonable degree of accuracy) agree with my first set.From my graph we can clearly see the average results and also see that there is one anomaly, which does not fit in with my line of best fit. Looking at the table I can see that it is not just one reading that made the average an anomaly. There could be several reasons for the anomalous result. Firstly maybe the wire I used had been damaged from previous experiments or perhaps it was not exactly the diameter 0.31mm. Secondly maybe I didnt read off the voltmeter accurately. Thirdly, I used crocodile clips to fix the wire and perhaps I didnt fix the wire sufficiently well in the clip.I observed that the thinner a wire the higher the resistance. This is because of collisions inside a wire. Imagine a metal wire it contains lots of particles which make up the wire. The electrons have to trav el through this wire. As the electrons travel through the wire they will collide with the particles of the wire. The more collisions the electrons have, the higher the resistance. However, in a thick wire the particles are more spread out and the electrons have more room to travel through. There are fewer collisions and hence the resistance is less.Even though there is a result which doesnt fit the pattern, the majority of results still follow my prediction.Improvements and EvaluationAlthough I took precautions to ensure this was a fair test, there were some areas where accuracy could have been improved. The anomalous result suggests that I would need to repeat at least that part of the experiment for that width of wire. It could be that I didnt accurately measure out 70 cm of wire or I didnt read the voltmeter correctly. However, I think this last explanation is unlikely because I read the voltmeter three times and each time the reading was almost the same (4.2,4.3,4.2). This sugge sts to me that the reason for this discrepancy is more likely to be an inaccurate measurement of either the width or length. There is also the question of whether the current was measured accurately.Repeating my results more than 3 times would further improve my results and maybe correct the anomaly. To improve my experiment I should have taken more time making sure wires are correct lengths and thickness.Further work that could be done is to look at each wire in more detail. Trying more currents and investigating more factors for example or maybe trying more diameters of wires would be further ideas.

Globalization of the Local

Globalization of the Local Globalization of the local is a concept developed by Thomas Friedman in his book â€Å"The World is Flat†. The author claims that globalization does not entail one entirely new civilization that is coming to neutralize all existing cultures. He argues that with globalization, all local cultures are getting the opportunity to become global; that is to extend their influences.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Globalization of the Local specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Of course, not all of the existing cultures are getting the same opportunity. Those which are more developed, and perceived by the majority of the world’s population as superior, are more likely to have greater influence in this new global culture. In addition, new forms of media are providing a chance for people to cherish their cultural origins in distant parts of the world. This is very important because globalization is causing many people to migrate to other countries in order to pursue their careers. This way, these new technologies are contributing to the quicker flow of ideas and customs. Undoubtedly, in the near future, this will result in a complete integration of different cultures into one global culture which will be quite different from all the existing ones. Many people oppose this idea of a transformed global culture for fear of losing their national heritage and other components of their identity. However, this view is problematic in various aspects. Frist off, cultural transformation is not anything new. It is known that under the influence of social and economic forces, cultures have been changing tremendously throughout history. Secondly, experience has taught us that external intervention cannot stop the changes in the society that are occurring organically. A good example of this is the emancipation of Afro-Americans and women. These two processes faced serious opposition, but they were, nonetheless, completed. Finally, globalization offers an opportunity to build up a culture which is superior to all others that we have witnessed in our past. In this effort, education is definitely going to play the crucial role, and thanks to the advent of new technologies, we now have the opportunity to make education available to everyone. In conclusion, globalization is an unstoppable process, which if carried out in the right way, can be a great step in the development of human race.Advertising Looking for critical writing on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Dell Theory In his book â€Å"The World is Flat†, Thomas Friedman suggests an interesting theory about international relations and conflicts, which he calls â€Å"Dell Theory†. The name comes from the famous company that produces electronic equipment – Dell. Dell is widely known for its supply-demand chain, which en compasses several companies around the globe. These companies supply Dell’s assembly lines with all the necessary parts so that the assembly line is never interrupted. Friedman argues that once countries are connected through supply chains such as this one, they develop codependency relationship in which every side has some benefits. For that reason, Friedman argues that those countries would never declare war on each other because doing so would disrupt the supply chain from which both of them benefit (Friedman, 2005, pp. 420-422). This is a very interesting theory which has been proven right on several occasions in recent history. However, I would argue that Friedman was not the first person to notice that connecting two nations through economic bonds reduces the possibility of a major conflict. It takes only one look at the history of Europe in past centuries to see that politics of economic isolationism always culminated in wars with devastating consequences, WWI and WWII are the most obvious examples. The politics of open borders and cooperation, which was introduced after WWII, finally brought peace to Europe. In conclusion, the cases of Dell’s supply chain and European Union are only two of many examples where it is evident that Friedman’s theory has firm empirical grounding. Since globalization faces many challenges mirrored in ideological, religious and cultural differences, this principle of establishing economic ties is perhaps the best tool for overcoming those difficulties. Friedman, Thomas L.. The world is flat: a brief history of the twenty-first century. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005. Print.

EU Rights to citizenship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

EU Rights to citizenship - Essay Example Karl and Gabrielle are the two visitors from Kazakhstan while Sylvia belongs to Hungary. Charles, Bill and Muriel play an intricate role in the lives of all three foreign individuals. The first character Gabrielle has a work permit which qualifies up to three months. Article 6(1) provides that EU citizens shall have the right of residence in another Member State for a period of up to three months without any restrictions or formalities other than the obligation to hold a valid identity card or passport. Also, according to Article 4 and 5 all EU citizens have the right to leave or enter another Member State by having a valid identity card or valid passport. According to Art 7(1) Gabrielle can exceed the three months period if (a) she is engaged in an economic activity in the host Member State such as UK on an employment or self-employed basis, (b) if she has health insurance and (c) if she is following a course of study in the host Member State. Article (8 a) does not provide every citizen of the Union with an open-ended right to reside freely within every Member State. Gabrielle may have obtained the right of permanent residence in UK after a five years period of continuous legal residence according to Art 16 (1). This is as long as the eviction decision has not been enforced against her by virtue of Art 21. Therefore, she is allowed the right to permanent residence without needing to oblige any conditions.

Influence of European Enlightenment on modern schooling Essay

Influence of European Enlightenment on modern schooling - Essay Example It also aimed to reform the society by using reasoning and understanding of the phenomena’s by using scientific knowledge. It aligned majority of the thinkers on the lines of reason and understanding during the 17th and 18th century. It was also referred to as an ‘Age of Reason’ by Thomas Paine (Hackett 1992). It is still believed by many that the basis of modern concepts and thoughts lie in the age of Enlightenment. Science, skepticism and intellectual understanding was promoted during this era as opposed to the superstitious thinking and intolerance by church and state (Wilson 2004). Origin of Age of Enlightenment The Era of Enlightenment was sparked by the great philosophers and thinkers of that time. Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677),Pierre Bayle (1647-1706),physicist Issac Newton (1643-1727) and Philosophers Voltaire were the major proponents in originating the Enlightenment movement (Casey 2008). The revolutionary leaders of the Enlightenment movement hailed themse lves as the courageous elites. They claimed to take the world out of the dark period of doubtful traditions and ecclesiastical tyranny due to which the historical wars took place. Education in the Age of Enlightenment The basic purpose of the movement of Enlightenment was to spread scientific knowledge and reasoning among masses and to take people out of the ignorance in which they were plunged in during the Middle Ages.The role of the educational system was very important in spreading the ideas and concepts of Enlightenment among the people. Continuous development took place in the educational system in Europe throughout the Enlightenment period and the French Revolution. The educational development increased and flourished rapidly during the Enlightenment period. Educational history prior to Enlightenment Period Before the period of Enlightenment, religious dogmatic believes and superstitious thinking was given value. The education was considered the sole right of males who belong ed to the upper stratus of the society such as nobles, mercantile and professional class. With the spread of the scientific revolution traditional religious and superficial beliefs gave way to scientific thinking and reasoning. Novel and revolutionary scientific ideas were proposed by the philosophers such as John Locke proposed that sensation and reflection plays a part in obtaining knowledge. Locke later developed a theory which was based on the same idea that every human being are equal in the capacity of sensation detection and that education should be made public and reachable by all classes of the society. The roots of Pedagogy as science, also has its roots in the in the Age of Enlightenment. The education was considered a basic tool by the philosophers and thinkers of that time to fight against ignorance and superstition. It was considered a way to achieve an open-minded and egalitarian society (Farzaneh 2009). They fought against censorship and worked towards the practice o f free speech. They wanted Declarations of Human rights and an easy and free access to education for all people. Spread and growth of Education system The education before the Age of Enlightenment was considered the divine right of only rich and noble upper class of the society. During the 18th and 17th century there was a significant

Human Resource Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Human Resource Management - Research Paper Example Human Resource Management Unionization can be defined as the act of forming groups among the workers and staff members. Originally the concept of unionization within the organization initiated during the early 18th century. But with the course of time the system became prominent in different parts of the world. Historically the concept of unionization was welcomed by several eminent scholars around the globe, but scholars such as Paul Smith an economist of the 18th century stated that labor union has been an illegal practice. A union is an agency of personnel’s that have collaborated together to improve the condition of its members in context with pay packages and other benefits (Libcom, n.d.). The organization can be made up of individual professional, past working staffs, trainees, students and unemployed persons. The common aims are generally demands for higher pay packages, increase in the number of employees for a particular job, to improve the condition of working, demand for various facilities, rules and regulations pertaining to hiring and firing, promotion of workers, procedures of lodging complaints, safety within the workplace and about the different policies of the organization. A union also relies on the fact that joint efforts are superior to individual effort and also aid in achieving the goals more flexibly. This has also led to the concept of collective bargaining. Collective bargaining can be defined as the process by which a group of employee’s demands for something from the employers regarding different issues related to the job.

Large Scale Tunnel And Bridge Construction Project Construction Essay

Large Scale Tunnel And Bridge Construction Project Construction Essay Temporary Works are considered any temporary construction used to construct highway, bridge and tunnel related structures but are not incorporated into the final structure. Temporary works required for construction of permanent structures include: temporary detour bridge, Work Bridge, falsework, formwork, shoring, cofferdams and temporary retaining structures. Temporary Works shall be designed according to the guide design specifications for Temporary Works unless specified otherwise herein. Where failure of a temporary structure would have an impact on environmental protection, traffic, or public safety shall be designed and constructed using the criteria. This report is to discuss the role of temporary works and equipment in large scale Tunnel and bridge construction project with an example of a large scale tunnel and bridge project, explain the impact of temporary works and equipment on the total cost of the project. The aim for this project is to Improve the knowledge and understanding on principles of designing and measurement of bridge and tunnel works in civil Engineering construction. Introduction Temporary work Holmes, R (1995) stated that On many civil engineering projects the cost and design of temporary works forms a very high proportion of the total contract. Therefore care in design and planning is essential. Each temporary structure must be considered on its merits in relation to the importance of the contract and especially the consequences of failure. If under-design could lead to failure in operating conditions, then the cost of delay, together with loss the saving in design. It is therefore important to design all structure to take the full in the erection of such structues in bad weather. Supervision in the erection, removal and maintenance of all these structures is paramount. Where materials are used more than once, for example as in the case of falsework, they should be checked to ensure that they have not been weakened by their initial uses. Second-hand materials should be subject to careful scrutiny before being used in situations where the design was based on new materials. Typical examples of temporary works are: Ground support,eg cofferdams, timbering, underpinning and shoring. Access bridges. Gantries and scaffolding Trackwork for cranes and trains Dewatering systems Specialised topics are dealt with in detail in subsequent chapters of the book. Builders Plant or equipment According to the Chudley and Greeno (2006) page 144 the builders plant ranging from small hand held power tools to larger pieces of plant such as mechanical excavators and tower cranes can be considered for use for one or more of the following reasons:- Increase production Reduction in overall construction costs. Carry out activities which cannot be carried out by the traditional manual methods in the context of economics. Eliminate heavy manual work thus reducing fatigue and as a consequence increasing productivity. Replacing labour where there is a shortage of personnel with the necessary skills. Maintain the high standards required particularly in the context of structural engineering works. Bridge and Temporary Work The bridge I choose for this topic is Juscelino Kubitschek Bridge, Brazil. Juscelino Kubitschek was built in 2000-2002, Juscelino Kubitschek is a Arch bridge suspended deck. According to Holmes, R(2006),stated that Arch Bridge can supprt better loads-carrying member, the arch is in a state of compression throughout. This will make the design suited to materials which are weak in tension. The Juscelino bridge Foundation blocks, of dimensions 24 x 40 x 4m, were cast 1.5m below the water surface for architectural effect. Steel shuttering was installed and the water extracted before the concrete was poured in shallow layers, thus avoiding excessive thermal effects and cracking. 1.2m diameter piles were driven to depths in excess of 50m. Looking back to Figure 7, you will notice that the foundations are much deeper on the right hand side than on the left. The largely poor and extremely variable ground conditions meant that piles were driven until the desired capacity was reached, often exceeding the expected depths. Horizontal thrusts are transmitted into the foundations due to the rotation of the arches out of their normal plane. To accommodate these residual forces, the pile configuration has both vertical and inclined piles. The inclined piers and arch starters were then constructed on the completed foundation blocks ready to accept the deck and prefabricated arch sections. The arch starters are comprised of a curved and tapered concrete hollow section, as shown in Figure 13. Two types of deck construction have been used for the JK Bridge: the approach spans comprises of a profiled steel under tray and concrete slab; whereas the central 720m supported by the three arches is comprised of a steel under tray and orthotropic plate.Temporary piers were erected to support the central portions of the bridge whilst the deck was constructed (Figure 14). Once the deck substructure had been completed, gigantic steel truss falsework was erected from this platform, with the temporary piers remaining in place below. A total of 1,350 tons (approx. 1,225 tonnes) of steel was used in auxiliary structures during the bridges construction. With the falsework in place, the prefabricated steel arch sectors could lifted into place and welded (Figure 15). The final closing weld was welded completed over night to limit internal strain within the arches due to daily temperature fluctuations. The stays are made of galvanised steel strands, protected by a coat of wax and sheaths of high-density polyethane (HDPE). The stay head shown Figure 16 and is fixed, whilst the upper anchor point is turntable allowing for corrections to be made to the stay tensioning. [1] The inclined cable configuration has been adopted to achieve a greater level of lateral restraint within the deck when subject to wind and transverse vehicular loading. The stays were installed in stages (Figures 17- 21) whilst the temporary supports were still in place, to avoid over stressing and damaging the arch. [8] An array of 60 load cells and sensors were installed, along with surveying targets, to monitor the stresses and deformations within the bridge structure during its construction. Many of these devices remain in place today, collecting data to produce a Dynamic Signature which is used to evaluate bridge performance over its service life, and to inform the maintenance programme. A large problem encountered during the construction process was the lack of local skilled labour and knowledge of steel construction. Brazils steel industry is relatively small, and the subsequent lack of use of the material has left the work force unskilled in steel construction techniques. The nations designers also have limited knowledge and experience of working with steel, so the structural design for the arches was outsourced to Danish consultancy COWI. Architect Alexandre Chan hopes that this iconic bridge will act to encourage a wider use of steel within designers, and ultimately stimulate the growth of Brazils steel industry. (http://people.bath.ac.uk/cmb27/proceedings/papers/banthorpe_cm_JUSCELINO_KUBITSCHEK.pdf) Gotthard Base Tunnel and temporary work 3.0 Role of Temporary Works in Tunnel Construction Project. Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) A tunnel boring machine (TBM), which is shown in Figure 3.1, is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. TBM is a one of temporary works of Tunnel Construction Project. They can bore through hard rock, sand, and almost anything in between. Tunnel diameters can range from a metre (done with micro-TBMs) to almost 16 metres to date. Tunnels of less than a metre or so in diameter are typically done using trenchless construction methods or horizontal directional drilling rather than TBMs. Tunnel boring machines are used as an alternative to drilling and blasting (DB) methods in rock and conventional hand mining in soil. A TBM has the advantages of limiting the disturbance to the surrounding ground and producing a smooth tunnel wall. This significantly reduces the cost of lining the tunnel, and makes them suitable to use in heavily urbanized areas. Another advantage includes relatively high degree of safety against flooding and ground collapse, as the TBM isolates the ground and groundwater from the tunnel proper. Contractors are becoming increasingly familiar with the use of EPB type TBMs in North American but, however, not in this range. The ability to excavate and install water tight precast concrete segments as the final tunnel lining in one pass is another advantage of this method. The major disadvantage of this method is the high initial capital expenditure for the TBM and the long lead time to manufacture, sip, assemble and test the machine, plus the normal inefficiency related to the learning curve on startup. TBMs are expensive to construct, and can be difficult to transport. However, as modern tunnels become longer, the cost of tunnel boring machines versus drill and blast is actually less. This is because tunneling with TBMs is much more efficient and results in a shorter project. Another disadvantage is the very large circular tunnel section required to accommodate the traffic lanes, shoulders and sightline, which for vehicular tunnels is not a very efficient use of space. This is also lead to buoyancy issues and the required mitigation when minimum cover under the channel is employed. Also, there is a potential for the loss of line and grade given the very tight turn radius required and steep decline followed by incline to pass under the channel. Temporary Control Room in Tunnel Project All tunneling activities were monitored and controlled 24 hours a day by the Temporary Control Room, through mimic or video view of all mobile and fixed equipment, thanks to a powerful redundant control system able to centralize all numerical/radio/phone communication, vocal and optical alarms. The safety desk (PCS) connected by direct phone to all emergency services (firemen, ambulances, hospital, etc.). Fixed Equipment Desk (GTC) is including visual permanent control of power, ventilation and pumping, connected to 8000 sensors in tunnel and served by 2 calculators, 1 programmable controller and computer networks. Rail Traffic Desk (PCT) includes vocal communication with all vehicles and optical monitoring of all tunnel activities on a large mimic served by programmable controllers. A dedicated software allowed automatic management of itineraries, location and composition of convoys, tracks and catenaries reservations, and even rolling stock status. Temporary control room is high in itial capital expenditure to manufacture, sip, assemble and test the machine, plus the normal inefficiency related to the learning curve on startup. Temporary Power Supply TBM needs a large power to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. A large temporary power supply is provided during large scale Tunnel construction project. The high-voltage power supply of the site is in 90 kV through two 90/20 kV transformers of 36 MVA each. Medium-voltage distribution included nine specialized substations, with tunnel power supply of 20 kV and 3.2 kV for lighting. An emergency diesel plant was dedicated to TBMs, ventilation, lighting and pumping systems. Temporary power supply is a high impact of cost toward the total cost of the project. Conclusion Bridge temporary work is totally different with Tunnel temporary work. The bridge temporary work is simple compare with the Tunnel temporary work. Bridge temporary work is such as falsework, formwork and temporary retaining structure. Both of bridge temporary works method is low initial capital expenditure and the short lead time to construct. For Tunnel temporary work, the high technology construction is used during tunnel construction project. TBM is the high initial capital expenditure and the long lead time to manufacture, sip, assemble and test the machine, plus the normal inefficiency related to the learning curve on startup. Large scale tunnel construction projects spend high temporary work cost for control room and power supply. At conclusion, total cost of the bridge project is lower impact compare to the tunnel project.

The Afro-American Newspaper Goes to War :: United States History African American Essays

The Afro-American Newspaper Goes to War The Baltimore-based newspaper The Afro-American has been in existence since 1892 under the proprietorship of the Murphy family, and by the 1940’s had forged a place at the forefront of African-American journalism. The newspaper is still in business today and is online at www.afro.com. Founded by John Murphy, a former slave, the Afro-American has grown from a church weekly to one of the nations leading black newspapers. The newspaper has used it’s column inches to campaign for the civil rights of African-Americans throughout the 20th century, from opposing the persistence of racist â€Å"Jim Crow† laws in the South to defending eminent figures such as W.E. DuBois and Paul Robeson during the McCarthy-era anti-communism of the 1950’s.[1] During World War 2, when the U.S. military was still segregated along racial lines The Afro-American sent correspondents to cover the fighting alongside the various black American units that served in both the European and P acific theatres. These men and one woman were relaying to an audience of Maryland and Washington D.C. African Americans the roles fulfilled by black American troops, fighting in a segregated military abroad. The primary impact of black and white Americans serving together was to be felt socially in the post-war years. The Civil Rights movement that gained momentum in the 1950’s owed much to the fact that many people engaged in war work during the 1940’s, who in peacetime would never interact with one another on grounds of race, were challenged by their shared wartime experiences. â€Å"The common danger, the common foe and hardships of battle are bringing American troops closer together†¦Soldier after soldier has told me he can never be narrow-minded again after seeing such widespread human suffering.†[2] Ollie Stewart, correspondent for The Afro American, 1944 Compared with the quality of contemporary reports filed by â€Å"embedded† reporters in the 21st century US military, filtered by both the Pentagon and major media networks, some of the copy from the Afro correspondents is surprising given the circumstances under which it was filed. Despite the circumstances of war the reports filed by Afro correspondents used a number of means to convey the reality of service in a segregated military without alarming the wartime censors, and did so with deep insight, humour and graphic accounts of the full spectrum of roles fulfilled by black service personnel. The Correspondents. Correspondents for the Afro American.